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<table width="185" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.aciusa.org" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.empf.org/empfasis/archive/images/aci_sm.gif" alt="Go to the ACI website" width="69" height="44" border="0" align="left" longdesc="http://www.aciusa.org"></a></td> <td><a href="http://www.empf.org" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.empf.org/empfasis/archive/images/empf_sm.gif" alt="Go to the EMPF website" width="65" height="44" border="0" align="right" longdesc="http://www.empf.org"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div align="center"> <!--link here--> <table width="175" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td valign="top"><span class="style24"><br>In This EMPFasis Issue<br><br></span></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top" style="padding-left:10px"> <p align="left"><a href="energy.html">Energy Harvesting for Wireless Sensor Networks</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" style="padding-left:10px"> <p align="left"><a href="help-0111.html">Ask the EMPF Helpline!</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top"><p align="left">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" style="padding-left:10px"> <p align="left"><a href="wireless.html">Wireless Sensor Networks Explained</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top"><p align="left">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" style="padding-left:10px"> <p align="left"><a href="tech-tips-0111.html">Tech Tips: Sensor Installation</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top"><p align="left">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" style="padding-left:10px"> <p align="left"><a href="manf-corner-0111.html">Manufacturer&rsquo;s Corner: IBL Technologies</a></p></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top"><p align="left">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" style="padding-left:10px"> <p align="left"><a href="ipca600h.html">IPC A-600H Training and Certification</a></p></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top"><p align="left">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" style="padding-left:10px"> <p align="left"><a href="http://store.aciusa.org">EMTC Online Registration</a></p></td> </tr> <tr><td valign="top"><p align="left">&nbsp;</p></td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" style="padding-left:10px"> <p align="left"><a href="../html/empfasis/emlcupcoming.pdf" target=_blank>Training Center Course Schedule</a></p></td> </tr> </table> <!--link here--> <br> <br> <hr align="center" size="1"> <br> <a href="http://store.aciusa.org"><img src="http://www.aciusa.org/images/lower-pricing-ad.gif" alt="Discount pricing on IPC training course J-STD-001, 610, 600, 7711, 7712" width="150" height="288" border="1"></a> <a href="http://www.empf.org/empfasis/subscribe.htm"> </a> <p class="style9"><script language="JavaScript"> <!-- function random_imglink(){ var myimages=new Array() myimages[1]="http://www.aciusa.org/wwwaci/html/random/boot.gif" myimages[2]="http://www.aciusa.org/wwwaci/html/random/lead.gif" myimages[3]="http://www.aciusa.org/wwwaci/html/random/help.gif" myimages[4]="http://www.aciusa.org/wwwaci/html/random/service.gif" myimages[5]="http://www.empf.org/empfasis/archive/images/subscribe2.gif" var imagelinks=new Array() imagelinks[1]="http://www.aciusa.org/courses/train_boot.htm" imagelinks[2]="http://www.empf.org/empfasis/leadfree.htm" imagelinks[3]="http://www.empf.org/helpline/helpline.htm" imagelinks[4]="http://www.aciusa.org/ana/ana_home.htm" imagelinks[5]="http://www.empf.org/empfasis/subscribe.htm" var ry=Math.floor(Math.random()*myimages.length) if (ry==0) ry=1 document.write('<a href='+'"'+imagelinks[ry]+'"'+'><img src="'+myimages[ry]+'" border=0></a>') } random_imglink() //--> </script></p> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div align="center"><span class="style5">ACI Technologies Inc.</span><br> One International Plaza<br> Suite 600 <br> Philadelphia, PA 19113 <br> (610) 362-1200 <br> <span class="style6">FAX: </span>(610) 362-1290<br> <span class="style6">HELPLINE: </span>(610) 362-1320<br> <span class="style6">WEBSITE: </span><a href="http://www.empf.org">www.empf.org</a><br> <a href="http://www.aciusa.org">www.aciusa.org</a></div></td> </tr> </table> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><br> <br> </p> <div align="center"> <p align="center" class="style7">Michael D. Frederickson<br> <strong><em>EMPF Director </em></strong><br> <br> Barry Thaler, PhD.<br> bthaler@aciusa.org <br> <strong><em>Empfasis Technical Editor<br> </em></strong><br> Paul Bratt<br> pbratt@aciusa.org <br> <strong><em>Empfasis Editor</em></strong><br> </p> <p align="center" class="style7"><img src="http://www.empf.org/empfasis/archive/images/iab_sm.gif" alt="IAB" width="100" height="52"><br> <span class="style9">Industrial Advisory Board</span><br> <span class="style14"><em>Gerald R. Aschoff</em>, The Boeing Company<br> <em>Dennis M. Kox</em>, Raytheon<br> <em>Gregory X. Krieger</em>, BAE Systems<br> <em>Edward A. Morris</em>, Lockheed Martin<br> <em>Jane Krueger </em>, Rockwell Collins<br> <em>Gary Kirchner</em>, Honeywell<br> <em>Andrew Paradise</em>, Northrop Grumman<br> <em>Richard Kidwell </em>, ITT Industries</span></p> </div> <p align="center" class="style7"><br> </p> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div></td> <!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="Body1" --><td width="70%" rowspan="2" valign="top"><div class="body_style" id="body_content"> <p align="center"><img src="images/tech-tips.gif" alt="title"></p> <p class="body_text"><span class="style20">S</span>ensors and sensor networks are a growing area of concentration for today s technologist. Tasks that formerly required human intervention are now most efficiently done 24/7 by sensors and sensor networks that do not require sleep, food, water, or recreation in order to maintain absolute diligence and unswerving dedication to the task. However, some do s and don ts concerning sensors and sensor networks are in order. </p> <p>The first step in selecting a sensor solution is to identify the stationary or mobile nature of the sensor application. Examples of stationary sensors are thermocouples or resistance temperature detector sensors used to detect temperatures in stationary processing tanks, ovens, or even entire buildings. Other sensors can be used to measure dimensions or count units of finished products coming off assembly lines. Stationary sensors have a much greater ability to be powered and communicate with other sensors or control equipment using fixed power and land-based communication lines</p> <p>Mobile sensors, in contrast, are exemplified by moving sensor locations. Automotive air bag accelerometer sensors, aircraft tire pressure indicator sensors, photographic, seismic, or infrared sensors on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) used extensively on today s battlefields are all good examples of mobile sensors. These sensors cannot be powered using fixed interconnections but must use batteries (which will require replacement or recharging). In order to avoid battery maintenance, radio frequency (RF) energy or other energy harvesting techniques can also be used to power these sensors. An example of a mobile sensor powered by energy harvesting might be a helicopter transmission thermal sensor powered by piezoelectric harvesting of the helicopter s vibrational energy.</p> <p>Step two will be to determine if the application requires the sensors to be independent or connected together (or to communicate with some central reading device or controller). The network connections between sensors can be wired or wireless (using RF or infrared communications links). For stationary wired networks, it should also be determined if simultaneous two-way (full duplex) or one-way (half duplex) communication is needed or possible on any network link. Usually, the only defining requirement for data links is the infrastructure available. Often, older buildings and manufacturing installations were not designed to accommodate communication links between sensors, making the more obvious choice for a sensor network to be wireless rather than wired for legacy structures. Wireless communications can be as useful for stationary as for mobile sensors.</p> <p>The third step is to determine what standard or protocol should be used to enable inter-sensor communications (if a sensor network is required for this application). Some common wireless sensor network standards are ZigBee, Bluetooth, and several IEEE standard protocols. The various protocols are engineered to provide data rate, distance, transmission time, signal strength, and bit error rates that will fit many different applications.</p> <p>Finally, the sensor installation must not allow environmental or mechanical considerations to nullify or distort the sensor readings. A recent sensor application for an EMPF customer required mounting a passive infrared sensor in a gun-launched projectile so that no damage to the sensor would occur during launch. Figure 4-1 shows the sensor is surface mounted on a Kapton<sup>®</sup> flexible circuit and then adhesively attached to a shock absorbing material (closed-cell polyurethane foam) and the rigid FR 4 epoxy-glass substrate. This installation method allowed the fragile sensor components and flexible interconnection circuitry to operate and survive the high g-forces of the gun launch.</p> <p align="center"><img src="images/fig4-1.gif"></p> <p>For more information or assistance with sensors or sensor networks, please contact the EMPF Helpline at 610.362.1320, via email at helpline@empf.org, or visit the website at www.empf.org.</p> <p align="center"><img src="images/fig4-2.gif"></p> <p class="body_text"><img src="../../archive/updated/fverdi.gif"></p> </div> </td> <!-- InstanceEndEditable --> </tr> <tr> </tr> </table> <br> <table width="100%" border="0"> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div align="center"> <p><em>The EMPF is a U.S. Navy-sponsored National Electronics Manufacturing Center of Excellence focused on the development,<br> application, and transfer of new electronics manufacturing technology by partnering with industry,<br> academia, and government centers and laboratories in the U.S</em></p> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="footer">ACI Technologies, Inc - - <a href="http://www.aciusa.org">www.aciusa.org</a> - - (610)362-1200</td> <td><div align="right"><a href="http://www.onr.navy.mil/Science-Technology/Directorates/Transition/Manufacturing-ManTech.aspx"><img src="http://www.empf.org/empfasis/archive/images/mantech.gif" width="144" height="42" border="0"></a></div></td> </tr> </table> <div align="right"> <!-- Start of StatCounter Code --> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript"> var sc_project=350643; var sc_partition=1; </script> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" src="http://www.statcounter.com/counter/counter.js"></script> <noscript> <a href="http://www.statcounter.com/free_hit_counter.html" target="_blank"><img src="http://c2.statcounter.com/counter.php?sc_project=350643&amp;amp;java=0" alt="hit counter" border="0"></a> </noscript> <a href="http://www.empf.org/sitemap.htm"><em>[site map] </em></a> <!-- End of StatCounter Code --> <!-- Start of StatCounter Code --> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript"> var sc_project=1902214; var sc_invisible=1; var sc_partition=17; var sc_security="759b802c"; </script> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" src="http://www.statcounter.com/counter/counter.js"></script><noscript><a href="http://www.statcounter.com/" target="_blank"><img src="http://c18.statcounter.com/counter.php?sc_project=1902214&java=0&security=759b802c&invisible=1" alt="website statistics" border="0"></a> </noscript> <!-- End of StatCounter Code --> </div> </body> <!-- InstanceEnd --></html>